Hans Rosbaud

簡介: 奧地利指揮家羅斯鮑德(Hans Rosbaud),出生于格拉茨(Graz),幼時跟隨鋼琴家母親學(xué)習(xí)音樂。在接受正統(tǒng)音樂訓(xùn)練后,他到法蘭克?;艉眨℉och)博士音樂學(xué)院進(jìn)修(鋼琴、作曲和指揮),與他同學(xué)的還包括作曲家興德米特(Paul Hindemith,1895-1963)。?1 更多>

奧地利指揮家羅斯鮑德(Hans Rosbaud),1895年7月22日出生于格拉茨(Graz),幼時跟隨鋼琴家母親學(xué)習(xí)音樂。在接受正統(tǒng)音樂訓(xùn)練后,他到法蘭克?;艉眨℉och)博士音樂學(xué)院進(jìn)修(鋼琴、作曲和指揮),與他同學(xué)的還包括作曲家興德米特(Paul Hindemith,1895-1963)。

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1921年,羅斯鮑德開展其40年的職業(yè)生涯,首項工作是在美因茨(Mainz)擔(dān)任新建的市立音樂學(xué)校校長及市立交響樂音樂會指揮。有關(guān)方面從80位候選人中選最年輕的他出任,結(jié)果不負(fù)眾望,在幾年間便為該校建立良好聲譽,名滿全國,最終升格為一所音樂學(xué)院。

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1928年,羅斯鮑德到法蘭克福(Frankfurt am Main)出任黑森廣播電臺交響樂團(tuán)的音樂總監(jiān)兼首席指揮,其廣泛和積極參與音樂活動以及高質(zhì)素的指揮很快便為他贏得更大的名聲和影響力。他又積極推廣現(xiàn)代音樂,令法蘭克福成為現(xiàn)代音樂的活躍中心,不少新音樂的大師級人馬──包括貝爾格(Alban Berg,1885-1935)、勛伯格(Arnold Schoenberg,1874-1951)、巴托克(Béla Bartók,1881-1945)、斯特拉文斯基(Igor Stravinsky,1882-1971)、魏伯恩(Anton Webern,1883-1945)和興德米特等也是法蘭克福廣播音樂會演出的???。他們的作品由羅斯鮑德指揮首演的為數(shù)不少,例如巴托克的《第二鋼琴協(xié)奏曲》(由作曲家親自擔(dān)綱演奏)、斯特拉文斯基的《詩篇交響曲》、興德米特的《銅管樂與弦樂協(xié)奏曲》和勛伯格的《變奏曲》(作品31)等。

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納粹政權(quán)建立后,推廣新音樂的羅斯鮑德飽受壓力,終于1937年離開法蘭克福,到威斯特法倫州的明斯特(Münster)出任該市音樂活動總監(jiān),指揮交響樂和室內(nèi)樂音樂會、歌劇以至其他音樂節(jié)目演出,廣受好評。在明斯特待了4年以后,他轉(zhuǎn)到剛自法國割讓而來的阿爾薩斯(Alsace)地區(qū),出任斯特拉斯堡(Strassburg)市的音樂活動總監(jiān)。雖然政治氣氛緊張,他依然把斯特拉斯堡的音樂活動搞得有聲有色。他致力保護(hù)受當(dāng)局迫害的樂團(tuán)成員之舉,也為他博得當(dāng)?shù)厝耸康淖鹁春椭С帧?/p>

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二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,羅斯鮑德成為首位獲邀到法國訪問的德國指揮家,其演出也受到熱情歡迎,當(dāng)時他已是拜羅伊特(Bayreuth)慕尼黑廣播電臺樂團(tuán)的指揮。不久,美國駐軍政府便邀請他出任慕尼黑愛樂樂團(tuán)指揮。精力充沛的羅斯鮑德迅即投入工作,奮力在當(dāng)時幾成廢墟的慕尼黑為民眾帶來高質(zhì)素的音樂,以重建他們的音樂生活,其工作熱誠得到美國駐軍政府的大力支持。

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1948年,羅斯鮑德離開慕尼黑,出任新組成的巴登-巴登西南德意志廣播電臺交響樂團(tuán)(SWF交響樂團(tuán))的音樂總監(jiān)兼首席指揮,他跟這個樂團(tuán)自此合作無間,直到14年后去世。1950年,他又獲委任為著名的瑞士蘇黎世市會堂樂團(tuán)兼蘇黎世歌劇院指揮。

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在羅斯鮑德帶領(lǐng)下,SWF交響樂團(tuán)贏得國際聲譽,而其積極推廣新音樂的理念也得到國際肯定,他經(jīng)常獲邀出席各地著名的現(xiàn)代音樂節(jié),也有來自歐洲各地以至美國主要樂團(tuán)的熱情邀請。他帶領(lǐng)樂團(tuán)做過多次巡迴演出,足跡遍及阿根廷、土耳其、南非以至美國。

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1962年12月29日,羅斯鮑德在瑞士加拉比耶塔(Carabietta)去世,終年67歲。他的32箱遺稿(包括音樂手稿、書信、筆記等共15類)構(gòu)成了「漢斯.羅斯鮑德文檔」(Hans Rosbaud Papers),目前存放于美國華盛頓州立大學(xué)(Washington State University)圖書館特藏部,網(wǎng)上備有詳細(xì)目錄及解述,光是看他的書信,可知他相識滿天下,跟20世紀(jì)音樂界內(nèi)外很多重要人物都有聯(lián)系。

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作為20世紀(jì)其中一位重要指揮家,羅斯鮑德的指揮明快、清晰,對音樂的詮釋高度客觀,充滿音樂知識份子的味道。他和卡拉揚(Herbert von Karajan,1908-1989)也是少數(shù)幾位在很早時候便向歐陸積極推廣當(dāng)時知名度不高的芬蘭作曲家西貝留斯(Jean Sibelius,1865-1957)的作品的指揮家。他對音樂的敏銳觸角和快速的領(lǐng)悟能力使他在首演作品時往往已有上佳的演出,例如他在1954年為勛伯格的歌劇《摩西與阿倫》在漢堡(Hamburg)首演,雖只是在演出前8天才收到通知,仍然可以跟演出者排練完成并順利演出,當(dāng)中可見其功力之強(qiáng)。

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羅斯鮑德跟DGG公司合作機(jī)會不多,上面左邊這張跟柏林愛樂樂團(tuán)合作,錄于50年代后期的西貝留斯音樂作品集(單聲道唱片)可說是一個代表作。當(dāng)中的《芬蘭頌》(Finlandia),大概是我所聽過中演奏得最快的(比上面右邊EMI公司由卡拉揚在70年代帶領(lǐng)同一樂團(tuán)演出的錄音快2分鐘有多),然而卻可能是我聽過的單聲道錄音中數(shù)一數(shù)二過癮的演出,首尾連貫,毫無冷場(記憶中好像托斯卡尼尼〔Arturo Toscanini〕跟NBC樂團(tuán)的錄音也甚是過癮)。從前看過音樂雜志的一篇文章,說20世紀(jì)越后期的指揮家(不單是指新晉指揮家,還包括老一輩指揮家的后期演出),有不少都傾向于把作品演奏時間拉長(我不敢說「拖長」),這裡或許算是一個例子吧。

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(by 書樂兩忘的天地@隨意窩Xuite日誌)

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Hans Rosbaud (July 22, 1895 – December 29, 1962), was an Austrian conductor, particularly associated with the music of the twentieth century.

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Hans Rosbaud was born in Graz, Austria. As children, Hans and his brother Paul Rosbaud performed with their mother, who taught piano. Hans continued studying music at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main, under the tutelage of Bernhard Sekles in composition and Alfred Hoehn in piano.

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Rosbaud's first professional post was in Mainz, starting in 1921, as the music director of the city's new School of Music, which included conducting the municipal symphony concerts. He became the first chief conductor of the Hessicher Rundfunk Symphony Orchestra (later the Hr-Sinfonieorchester) of Frankfurt in 1928. During the 1920s and 1930s, he presented premieres of works by Arnold Schoenberg and Béla Bartók. During the Nazi era, his freedom to present new music was restricted. In 1937, he became the general music director of the city of Münster. In 1941, Rosbaud took the same position in Strasbourg, heading the Orchestre philharmonique.

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In 1945 he was named music director of the Munich Philharmonic by United States occupation authorities. In 1948, Rosbaud's contract with the Munich orchestra was allowed to lapse because the city authorities wanted to move the orchestra's repertoire in a conservative direction. That year Rosbaud became the first chief conductor of the South West German Radio Orchestra in Baden-Baden, where he remained for the rest of his life. In 1954, he conducted the first performance of Schoenberg's opera Moses und Aron at 8 days' notice; this performance was issued on a 1957 commercial recording for Philips. He regularly took the SWR Symphony Orchestra to festivals of contemporary music, such as at Donaueschingen. He died in Lugano, Switzerland.

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Gramophone recently remarked that Rosbaud "was one of the unsung heroes of mid-20th-century music, who ... gave thoroughly rehearsed and assimilated performances and premieres of the widest possible range of music". In Fanfare, Peter J. Rabinowitz pointed to range of his sympathies, claiming it was "greater than that of just about any of his contemporaries except perhaps Bernstein, Scherchen, and Stokowski. Rosbaud is best remembered, probably, for his Mahler, his Bruckner, his work with the Second Vienna School ... and especially his commitment to the post-war avant-garde. But he was a world-class Mozartian, too (his Aix-en-Provence Mozart operas from the 1950’s hold up far better today than the better-known Busch recordings from Glyndebourne)—and he championed earlier music as well (he recorded Gluck’s Orphée and Rameau’s Platée). What’s more striking is that he was able to give his performances of each of these composers an entirely different signature." ?Rosbaud was a highly cultured man, widely read and varied in his intellectual interests. Putting himself at the service of music he chose to perform, he commanded the respect of numerous notable composers of the 20th century. Prominent in his legacy are recordings of the music of Bruckner, Mahler, Stravinsky and Boulez. A tireless advocate of new music, he was closely associated with Karl Amadeus Hartmann, conducting premiere performances of Hartmann's opera Simplicius Simplicissimus and his Second and Fourth Symphonies, amongst others.

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