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小簡介
二十世紀(jì)最具有爭議的重量級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)作曲家。
音樂之未來
文/約翰·凱奇 (JOHN CAGE)
嚴(yán)哥華譯
不論我們?cè)谀睦?,我們聽到的大部分都是噪音。想忽略它,它就來攪擾我們,聽它,發(fā)現(xiàn)它迷人得很。以每小時(shí)五十英里行駛的火車聲 更多>
小簡介
二十世紀(jì)最具有爭議的重量級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)作曲家。
音樂之未來
文/約翰·凱奇 (JOHN CAGE)
嚴(yán)哥華譯
不論我們?cè)谀睦铮覀兟牭降拇蟛糠侄际窃胍?。想忽略它,它就來攪擾我們,聽它,發(fā)現(xiàn)它迷人得很。以每小時(shí)五十英里行駛的火車聲,兩個(gè)火車站之間的靜音。雨聲。我們想要抓住和控制這些聲響,不是要將它們當(dāng)作聲音特技用,而是要將它們當(dāng)樂器用。每一個(gè)電影棚都有一個(gè)錄在電影片上的“聲音特技”資料庫,有了電影放音機(jī),已有可能控制這些聲音中的任何一個(gè)振幅和頻率,并在其中加入想像得到和想像不到的節(jié)奏。如有四部電影放音機(jī),我們就可以為雷鳴般的馬達(dá)、風(fēng)、心跳和泥石流譜寫和演奏一首四重奏。
假如“音樂”這個(gè)詞是神圣的,是專六為18、19世紀(jì)的樂器留著的,我們可用一個(gè)更有意義的術(shù)語來代替它聲音的組織。
大多數(shù)電子音樂的發(fā)明都都試圖模擬18、19世紀(jì)的樂器,正如早期的汽車設(shè)計(jì)師都依馬車學(xué)樣一般,懷疑這“音樂”到底是不是音樂了。
因?yàn)樵谶@一新音樂當(dāng)中,除了聲響外,什么都沒發(fā)生。那些被記下來的和那些未被記下來的聲響。那些未被記下來的聲響在寫下的音樂中以沉默無聲的形式出現(xiàn)使音樂的門向那些剛巧在那一現(xiàn)場(chǎng)中的聲響打開,這種開放性在現(xiàn)當(dāng)代雕塑和建筑中就有。Mies van der Rohe的玻璃屋,反映著它們的環(huán)境,根據(jù)情況不同,向眼睛展示云彩,樹或草的形象,而當(dāng)我們觀看雕塑家Richard Lippold用線穿在一起的構(gòu)成時(shí),還能看到別的人,假如他們碰巧在那里的話,我們不可避免地會(huì)通過電線網(wǎng)絡(luò),看到的東西,決沒有像一個(gè)空的空間或空的時(shí)間那樣的東西,總有什么可看,可聽的,哪怕我努力去制作一個(gè)沉默,也辦不到。出于某種工程上的目的,越無聲越好,這也許是可取的。這樣一個(gè)房間可被稱作一個(gè)無回聲的房間。它由非凡材料制成的面墻構(gòu)成,一個(gè)沒有回音的房間。幾年前我就在哈佛大學(xué)進(jìn)過這樣一個(gè)房間,并聽到兩種聲響,一高,一低。我向主管工程師描述這兩種聲響,他告訴我,那高的一個(gè),是我的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)在運(yùn)作,那低的一個(gè)是我循環(huán)中的血液。到我死之前都會(huì)有聲響在那里。而且它們還會(huì)繼續(xù)跟著死去的我。我們不必害怕音樂的未來。
真是驚人的巧合,制作這樣音域廣泛的音樂的手段目前已到我們手中,二戰(zhàn)未盟軍進(jìn)入德國時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)那兒磁帶錄音已有巨大進(jìn)步,可作音樂的高保真錄音。先是法國,那兒是Pierre Schaeffer在起這個(gè)勁,后來是在美國、德國、意大利和日本,我可能都還不知道,在其他地方,磁帶已不光能錄音樂演出,而且由于它,還能制作出新音樂來,最少只要兩架磁帶放音機(jī),就可以以如下方法制作音樂:1)可對(duì)任何聲響作單個(gè)錄音,2)在錄音過程中,通過過濾器和線路,任何音下的聲音都可被更改,3)電子混響(在第三架機(jī)器上對(duì)另兩架上發(fā)出的聲音進(jìn)行混合),4)普通的剪輯使任何或所有的聲響的并置成為可能;當(dāng)它包括非同平常的剪輯時(shí),它就會(huì)像重錄那樣改變?nèi)魏位蛩械脑瓉淼奈锢硖卣鳌J惯@些成為可能的手段,根本上是一種完全的聲音——空間,其界限只有耳朵才能限定,這一空間中的每一個(gè)非凡聲音的地位由五個(gè)因素來決定頻率或音高,振幅或音量,泛音結(jié)構(gòu)或音色,持續(xù)時(shí)間和音樂形態(tài)(音如何開始、繼續(xù)和消失)。但這些決定因素中的任何一個(gè)更改都會(huì)改變?cè)诼曇艨臻g中的聲音的地位由五個(gè)因素來決定:頻率或音高,振幅或音量,泛音結(jié)構(gòu)或音色,持續(xù)時(shí)間和音樂形態(tài)(音如何開始,繼續(xù)和消失)。但這些決定因素中的任何更改都會(huì)改變?cè)诼曇艨臻g中的聲音的地位。這一完全的聲音空間中的聲音的地位。這一完全的聲音空間中的任何一點(diǎn)上的聲音都能移動(dòng),成為任何別的一點(diǎn)上的一個(gè)聲音。但只有當(dāng)我們?cè)敢饧みM(jìn)改變自己的音樂習(xí)慣時(shí),才能利用這些可能性。那就是說,我們可以不在遠(yuǎn)地里作可見的移動(dòng)——這相當(dāng)于說“電視”的方式(假如我們不想去劇院而愿意呆在家里),或者,假如我們?cè)敢夥艞壊叫?,那就去飛行——就能利用這些象的顯現(xiàn)。
音樂習(xí)慣包括音階、調(diào)式、對(duì)位理論和和聲,還有對(duì)音色的研究(單了地或組合地對(duì)一組有限的自造聲音的機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究)。用數(shù)學(xué)上的話來說,這些都涉及到分離的音階。它們類似于步行——就音高來說,就是要走由十二條階石組成的道兒,這一小心翼翼的踩步不能反映磁帶所可能具有的特點(diǎn),它向我們揭示,音樂行動(dòng)或存在可任何一點(diǎn)上或沿著任何線路或曲線或你在完全的聲音空間中具有任何東西發(fā)生,我們其實(shí)在技術(shù)上已能將當(dāng)代人對(duì)自然的運(yùn)作手法的意識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樗囆g(shù)。
這里又有許多交叉路口。我們得選擇,假如他不愿放棄控制聲音的企圖,他就會(huì)將他的音樂技巧弄復(fù)雜到接近于新的可能性和意識(shí)。(我用接近這個(gè)詞是因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)想要測(cè)量的心靈,決不能最終測(cè)量到自然,)或者,如從前一樣,我們可以放棄控制聲音這一欲望,清掃我們的音樂心靈,開始發(fā)現(xiàn)讓聲音安閑地存在,而不是讓它們成為人為的理論或人類情感的表達(dá)工具的方法。
新音樂、新聽法。決不企圖聽懂正在被說出的什么東西,因?yàn)榧偃缬惺裁礀|西正被說出,那么聲音是會(huì)被給予詞語的外形的。就只關(guān)注聲音的活動(dòng)好了。
那些投身寫作實(shí)驗(yàn)音樂的人努力尋找把他們自己從他們所制作的聲音活動(dòng)中移開的方法和手段。有的用用偶然的運(yùn)作,它們是從像中國的《易經(jīng)》那樣古老的出處,或從像物理學(xué)家與研究中搞的隨機(jī)數(shù)表那樣的來源推導(dǎo)出來的?;?,類似于心理學(xué)中的Rorshcach測(cè)試,通過對(duì)他正在寫作的紙上的缺陷的闡釋,可提供一種擺脫了一個(gè)人的記憶和想象的音樂。也可以使用隨時(shí)間中的最終現(xiàn)不同而變化的空間重迭這一幾何手段。可能性整個(gè)可被大致分開,每一部分中的聲音可用數(shù)來表示,但由表演者或由這個(gè)分開者來選擇。在后一種情形中,作曲家類似于照相機(jī)制造者,他讓別人來拍照。
不管一個(gè)人使用磁帶還是為傳統(tǒng)樂器寫作,當(dāng)前的音樂情境已與磁帶出現(xiàn)之前完全不同。也不必拉警報(bào),因?yàn)槟硞€(gè)新東西的形成并不由此剝奪那過去曾適得其所的東西。每一樣?xùn)|西都有它自己的位置,決不占別一樣?xùn)|西的位置。俗話說,東西越多越開心。
但磁帶對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)音樂的有幾個(gè)影響最好還是提一下。由于多少英寸的磁帶等于多少秒的時(shí)間,越來越顯得平常的是,記譜是在空間中的,而不是以1/4,1/2和1/16音符等等來數(shù)的。這樣,在一頁紙上出現(xiàn)音符的地方,對(duì)應(yīng)于它在時(shí)間中發(fā)生的地方??捎靡粋€(gè)記秒表用來幫助表演;于是,一種與馬蹄和別的常規(guī)節(jié)拍完全不同的節(jié)奏出現(xiàn)了。
不可能同時(shí)播放幾個(gè)各別的磁帶來取得完美的同步。這一點(diǎn)導(dǎo)致一些人去制造多聲道的磁帶和相應(yīng)較多的磁頭的放音機(jī)。而別的人——那些接受了他們并不想要的聲音的人——現(xiàn)在終于明白總譜雖然要求許多聲部在一種非凡的湊合中一起被演奏,但它并不是真實(shí)情況的確切再現(xiàn)。這些人現(xiàn)在只譜寫聲部,不再譜寫總譜,而多聲部可以以任何未想到的方式被結(jié)合在一起。這意味著這樣一首音樂的任何一次演出都是獨(dú)一無二的,使聽的人,也使作曲家很感愛好。這又很輕易看出與自然的平行:即便是同一棵樹上的葉子,也是沒有兩片完全一樣的。在藝術(shù)中,同樣的例子是雕塑與運(yùn)動(dòng)的部分,可動(dòng)的部分的平行。
不消說,不協(xié)和音樂和噪音在這種新音樂中是受歡迎的。而主七和弦也是受歡迎的,假如它剛巧能出現(xiàn)的話。
排練表明,這種新音樂,不論是為磁帶還是為樂器而寫,在幾個(gè)喇叭或演奏者在空間中遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)隔開要比緊緊挨在一起更易清楚地聽到。因?yàn)檫@一音樂并不關(guān)心一般所理解和聲(在其中,和聲的質(zhì)量是由幾個(gè)因素的混合造成的)。這兒,我們所關(guān)心的是不相像者的共存,融合所發(fā)生的中心點(diǎn)多得是無論聽眾的耳朵在哪里。這種不協(xié)和音,套用哲學(xué)家柏格森關(guān)于無序的說法,無非就是許多人還不習(xí)慣的和聲。
而寫作音樂的目的的是什么?當(dāng)然,我們不是在與目的打交道,而是在與聲音打交道。或者,這回答可以悖謬的形式出現(xiàn):一種有目的的無目的性,或一種無目的的游戲,不過,這種游戲是對(duì)生活的肯定——不是企圖從混亂中造成秩序,也不是要在創(chuàng)作中提出改進(jìn),而無非只是要醒來去面對(duì)我們正在過的那種生活本身,一旦我們不讓我們的心靈和我們的欲望去阻擋它,讓它自個(gè)兒去,這種生活本可以那么地高妙。
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The most influential and controversial American experimental composer of the 20th century, John Cage was the father of indeterminism, a Zen-inspired aesthetic which expelled all notions of choice from the creative process. Rejecting the most deeply held compositional principles of the past -- logical consequence, vertical sensitivity, and tonality among them -- Cage created a groundbreaking alternative to the serialist method, deconstructing traditions established hundreds and even thousands of years earlier; the end result was a radical new artistic approach which impacted all of the music composed in its wake, forever altering not only the ways in which sounds are created but also how they're absorbed by audiences. Indeed, it's often been suggested that he did to music what Karl Marx did to government -- he leveled it.
Cage was born in Los Angeles on September 5, 1912, the son of an inventor who posited an explanation of the cosmos called the "Electrostatic Field Theory." Later attending Pomona College, he exited prior to graduation to travel across Europe during the early '30s; upon returning to the U.S., he studied in New York with Henry Cowell, finally traveling back to the West Coast in 1934 to study under Arnold Schoenburg. Around this time Cage published his earliest compositions, a series of Varèse-inspired works written in a rigorous atonal system of his own device. Relocating to Seattle in 1937 to become a dance accompanist, a year later he founded a percussion ensemble, composing the seminal polyrhythms piece First Construction (In Metal) in 1939.
During the late '30s, Cage also began experimenting with musique concrète, composing the landmark Imaginary Landscape No. 1, which employed variable-speed phonographs and frequency tone recordings alongside muted piano and a large Chinese cymbal. He also invented the "prepared piano," in which he placed a variety of household objects between the strings of a grand piano to create sounds suggesting a one-man percussion orchestra. It was at this time that Cage fell under the sway of Eastern philosophies, the influence of Zen Buddhism informing the random compositional techniques of his later work; obsessed with removing forethought and choice from the creative model, he set out to make music in line with the principles of the I Ching, predictable only by its very unpredictability.
Cage's work of the 1940s took a variety of shapes: where 1941's Imaginary Landscape No. 2 was a score for percussion which included a giant metal coil amplified by a phonograph cartridge, 1942's Williams Mix was a montage of over 500 prerecorded sounds, and 1944's The Perilous Night was an emotional piece written for a heavily muted prepared piano. The latter was composed for the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, for which Cage served as musical director from 1943 onward; his collaborations with Cunnigham revolutionized modern dance composition and choreography, with the indeterminacy concept extending into these works as well. By the end of the decade Cage's innovations were widely recognized, and in 1949 he was honored with a Guggenheim Fellowship and an award from the National Academy of Arts and Letters.
Cage's most visionary work, however, was still to come: in 1951, he completed Imaginary Landscape No. 4, which limited its sound sources to only a dozen radios, with the end result dependent entirely on the broadcast material at the time of performance. That same year, he collaborated with a group of performers and engineers to mount the Music on Magnetic Tape project. Next, in 1952, pianist and longtime associate David Tudor premiered Cage's 4'33, known colloquially as "Silence"; the composer's most notorious work, it asks the performer to sit at his instrument but play nothing, the environmental sounds instead produced by a typically uncomfortable audience. Concurrently, he delved into theatrical performance (a 1952 performance at Black Mountain College widely regarded as the first "happening") and electronics (Imaginary Landscape No. 5, composed for randomly mixed recordings).
In the wake of 1958's watershed Concert for Piano and Orchestra -- a virtual catalog of indeterminate notations -- Cage continued to immerse himself in electronics as the years went by, most famously in works like 1960's Cartridge Music, for which he amplified small household sounds for live performance, as well as 1969's HPSCHD, which combined harpsichord, tapes, and the like. He also turned to writing, publishing his first book, Silence, in 1961, additionally teaching and lecturing across the globe. Elected to the Institute of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in 1968, he also received an honorary Doctorate of Performing Arts from the California Institutes of the Arts in 1986. Cage died in New York on August 12, 1992.